Hipparchus, father of astronomy

Hipparchus, an astronomer dating back to ancient Greece, comes in at a very close second on this list. Widely believed to be the greatest astronomer of antiquity, Hipparchus can easily be viewed as a sort of founding father of astronomy. 

His most important contribution to the field was the first known star catalogue, which historians think he was inspired to construct after viewing a supernova. This star catalogue was later used extensively by Ptolemy in his astronomical observations. 

His other contributions include important findings on the positions and motions of the moon and Sun. Using trigonometry – a subject for which he is basically credited for inventing – he was able to measure the distance to the moon during a solar eclipse. 

He is also known for creating the method by which a star’s brightness is measured, a system still in use today.   

Quick Facts

Also Known As: Hipparchus of Nicaea

Famous as: Astronomer & Mathematician

Nationality: Greek

Born: 0190

Died At Age: 70

Born in: Nicaea, Kingdom of Bithynia

Died on: 120 BC

Place of death: Rhodes, Roman Republic

Hipparchus was a Greek astronomer and mathematician. He is known for discovering the change in the orientation of the Earth’s axis and the axis of other planets with respect to the center of the Sun. He was also the inventor of trigonometry. He had immense in geography and was one of the most famous astronomers in ancient times. He made the first models of the motion taken by the Sun and the Moon which are considered very accurate even in modern times. It is believed that he had used the mathematical formulas derived by the Mesopotamians and the Babylonians over the centuries to arrive at his conclusions. He was the founder of trigonometric tables and was the first one to solve many of the problems related to the trigonometry of spheres. He was possibly the first astronomer to predict the occurrence of solar eclipses with the help of trigonometry and his theories on the movement of the Sun and the Moon. His other great discovery was the accurate calculation of the equinox precession, creation of the first star catalog in the western world, development of the ‘astrolabe’ and the ‘armillary sphere’. His discoveries and creations could only be superseded after three centuries by Claudius Ptolemaeus. Very few documents are available on his life and works.

Childhood & Early Life

Hipparchus was born over 2,200 years ago. The year of his birth was about 190 BC and the place of his birth was the Ancient Greek city of Nicea. The ruins of the city can still be seen in the town of Iznik, Turkey.
Hipparchus is sometimes known as Hipparchus of Nicea, reflecting his birthplace. He is also known as Hipparchus of Rhodes, because he seems to have lived and worked for much of his life on the Greek island of Rhodes.

 Career

• Hipparchus used to collect the records of the local weather conditions that were prevalent throughout the year when he was a young man living in Bithynia. The ‘weather calendars’ had been produced by various Greek astronomers since the 4th century BC which helped him understand the synchronization of the rains, winds, storms, seasons with the sun, moon and the constellations.
• He began his scientific career in Bithynia and moved to Rhodes sometime before 141 BC.
• He also worked in Alexandria for some time where he made some more observations. He probably had communications with observers in Alexandria and astronomers in Babylon who provided him with a lot of information on the time when equinoxes occurred.
• He spent most of his adult life on the island of Rhodes to carry out various astronomical observations. According to Ptolemy, three observations were made from 162 to 158 BC and about twenty or more of these observations were made on specific dates ranging from 147 to 127 BC.
• Out of these twenty or so observations made by Hipparchus, the first one was made on September 26 or 27, 147 BC on the autumnal equinox.
• The last of these observations was taken of the lunar position on July 7, 127 BC.
• His most important contribution to astronomy was the study of the orbits taken by the Sun and the Moon, determination of their sizes and their distances from the Earth. He assumed that the Earth was at the center of the Universe and all the other planets and stars, including the Sun that could be seen with the naked eye, revolved around it.
• He devised a mathematical model with which the Sun’s orbital location from the Earth could be calculated on any date. This model was only elaborated by Johannes Kepler in the sixteenth century.
• He tried to measure the length of a tropical year and succeeded in estimating the length to a period which was only longer by 6 minutes.
• Once he was able to calculate the time required for a tropical year to complete, he was easily able to calculate the equinox and solstice dates for any year. His theory on the precession of the equinoxes is considered accurate even today.
• He also tried to create a theory on the eclipses that occur due to the movement of the Moon. He used the observations made by astronomers of Babylon of that time and confirmed that the motion of the Moon varies and diverges when it reaches the northern and southern part of its ecliptic orbit.
• He is also reported to have measured the orbit taken by the Moon in relation to the Earth and calculated the distance from the Earth to the Moon to be seventy-seven times the radius of the Earth.
• He also calculated the distance of the center of the Earth to the center of the Sun to be four-hundred and ninety times the radius of the Earth.
• From the relation between the distances of the Sun and the Moon from the Earth, he calculated that the mean distance from the Earth to the Moon was sixty-three times the radius of the Earth which was accurately calculated later to be about sixty times the radius of the Earth.
• Hipparchus is also said to have created a star catalog that had names and positions assigned to each star. But the number of stars in this catalog could not be ascertained as there is very little direct evidence on it. Ptolemy’s catalog consisting of 1,022 stars is presumed to be derived from Hipparchus’s original catalog.
• His interest in geography was evident from the work he did in determining various terrestrial locations accurately.
• He contributed greatly to the field of mathematics by inventing trigonometry which is based on a table consisting of the lengths of various chords in a circle of unit radius. He calculated the relative distances of various celestial bodies and their radius with the help of trigonometry.

   

   Major Works

   

  Out of the numerous works written by Hipparchus the only surviving one available today is a commentary on a poem written by Aratus from the 3rd century titled ‘Commentary on the Phainomena of Eudoxus and Aratus’.

   

  Personal Life & Legacy

   

  Hipparchus died on the island of Rhodes around 120 BC.

   

  Trivia

   

  • The ‘European Space Agency’ named their ‘High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite’ as ‘HiPParCoS’ after Hipparchus.
  • A Lunar crater has also been named after him as well as an asteroid called ‘4000 Hipparchus’.
  • His name also figures in the sixth position as one of the greatest astronomers in the world in the list brought out by an observatory in Los Angeles, California, USA.

     

     

     

     

    Sources : 

    1.  https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/hipparchus-7480.php

    2.  https://www.famousscientists.org/hipparchus/

    3.  https://listverse.com/2011/09/08/top-10-most-important-astronomers/

   

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